Plastic Surgery Risks and Complications

Potential Risks and Complications of Plastic Surgery

Dr Broughton Snell is a highly skilled and experienced plastic surgeon who employs advanced techniques to minimize risks associated with plastic surgery. However, it is essential for patients to be fully informed about potential risks before proceeding with any procedure.

During your initial consultation with Dr Snell, he will thoroughly discuss all the risks and possible complications associated with the specific procedure you are considering. This detailed discussion is part of the informed consent process, ensuring that you are well-informed and comfortable with the decision to undergo surgery.

If you have any questions or concerns regarding the risks, Dr Snell and our team are here to address them and provide you with the necessary support throughout your surgical journey.

Risks and Complications that may apply to ANY surgical procedure

General Anaesthetic

General anaesthetic is a commonly used method for various surgical procedures, providing patients with a state of unconsciousness and pain relief during surgery. While it is generally considered safe and routine, like any medical intervention, there are potential risks and complications to be aware of.

Before undergoing any surgery with general anaesthetic, it is important to have a thorough discussion with your medical team, including the anesthetist, to ensure your safety and address any concerns.

Common Complications of General Anaesthetic

Bruising and Sore Throat

Some common and minor complications associated with general anaesthetic include bruising at the injection site and a sore throat caused by the anaesthetic tube. These issues are usually temporary and resolve on their own, causing only mild discomfort.

Allergic Reaction to General Anaesthetic

An allergic reaction to general anaesthetic is a rare but serious occurrence that can happen to some individuals. It is essential to differentiate a true allergy to the anaesthetic from other adverse reactions that might occur during or after administration.

Recognizing Allergic Reaction Symptoms

An allergic reaction is an immune system response to a specific component of the anaesthetic drug. Symptoms can vary in severity and may include:

• Skin Reactions: Hives, rash, itching, or redness at the injection site.
• Respiratory Symptoms: Wheezing, difficulty breathing, or shortness of breath.
• Cardiovascular Symptoms: Rapid or irregular heart rate, low blood pressure.
• Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain.

Severe Allergic Reaction – Anaphylaxis

In severe cases, a condition known as anaphylaxis can occur, which is a medical emergency. Anaphylaxis is a rapid and severe allergic reaction that can lead to a drop in blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and loss of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is necessary in such cases. This is one of the reasons our surgeons only operate in accredited hospitals, so if something should occur you are in the best possible place.

Important Note and Precautions

Experiencing common side effects like nausea, vomiting, or mild itching after general anesthesia is relatively common and does not necessarily indicate an allergy. These side effects are generally managed well and pose no long-term risks.

If you have a history of allergies or have experienced an allergic reaction to anaesthetic drugs in the past, it is crucial to inform your medical team before undergoing any surgery. The medical team will take the necessary precautions, perform appropriate tests, and choose alternative anaesthetic drugs if needed, to minimize the risk of an allergic reaction during your procedure.

Always communicate openly with your medical team, including the anesthetist, to ensure a smooth and safe surgical experience. They will review your medical history, address your concerns, and take all necessary measures to prioritize your well-being.

Pain

it is normal to experience some degree of pain and discomfort after surgery. To help manage post-operative pain, your medical team will provide you with appropriate pain medication. This medication will be prescribed based on the type of surgery performed, your individual pain tolerance, and other factors relevant to your health.

Managing Post-Operative Pain

The pain medication prescribed will help alleviate your discomfort and ensure you can rest and recover comfortably. It is essential to take the medication as directed by your medical team to achieve the best pain relief. It is also crucial not to exceed the recommended dosage, as exceeding the prescribed amount can lead to adverse effects and may not provide additional pain relief.

Monitoring Your Pain

During the recovery period, it is essential to monitor your pain levels and communicate with your medical team. Mild pain or discomfort is expected in the initial days after surgery and can be managed effectively with the prescribed medication. However, if you experience severe or worsening pain that is not relieved by the medication, it is vital to contact the clinic or hospital immediately.

Possible Causes of Severe Pain

Severe pain after surgery may be indicative of several possible causes, including:

• Surgical Complications: Severe pain could indicate possible complications related to the surgical procedure, such as infection, bleeding, or nerve damage.
• An Allergic Reaction: In rare cases, severe pain may be a sign of an allergic reaction to medication or anaesthetic. Allergic reactions require prompt medical attention.
• Pain Management Issues: If the prescribed pain medication is not providing sufficient relief, adjustments or alternative pain management strategies may be necessary.

Why You Should Reach Out and the Importance of Open Communication

If you experience severe pain or any concerning symptoms after surgery, it is crucial not to ignore them. Contacting the clinic or hospital allows your medical team to promptly assess your condition and determine the appropriate course of action. They will provide guidance, reassurance, and, if necessary, schedule a follow-up appointment to address any issues.

Maintaining open communication with your medical team throughout the recovery process is key to a successful outcome. They are there to support your recovery journey and ensure your safety and well-being. If you have any questions, concerns, or experience any unexpected symptoms, do not hesitate to reach out to them. Your active participation in your recovery and willingness to communicate will contribute to a smoother and more comfortable healing process.

Numbness / Nerve Damage

You may feel some initial numbness in the surgical area. This can be due to damage of sensory nerves during the procedure. This is normal and your normal sensory feelings should return after a short period of time. Although rare, it is possible for there to be some permanent nerve damage.

Internal Bleeding – Hematoma

A hematoma is a medical condition characterized by the collection of blood outside the blood vessels, usually within a tissue or organ. It occurs when blood vessels are damaged or ruptured, leading to blood pooling in the surrounding area. Hematomas can vary in size and severity, ranging from small and harmless to large and potentially serious.

The symptoms of a hematoma can vary depending on its size and location. Common signs and symptoms may include:

• Swelling and lump at the site of injury or surgery.
• Pain or tenderness in the affected area.
• Discoloration of the skin, such as red, blue, or purple.
• Restricted movement or stiffness near the hematoma.
• Warmth or increased temperature at the site.

Treatment of hematomas

Small hematomas may resolve on their own over time and may not require specific treatment. However, larger or more painful hematomas may need medical attention. Treatment options may include:

• Cold Compress: Applying a cold compress to the affected area can help reduce swelling and ease discomfort.
• Elevation: Elevating the affected limb or area may aid in reducing swelling.
• Pain Medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers may help manage pain and discomfort.
• Drainage: In some cases, a healthcare professional may need to drain the hematoma using a needle or perform a surgical drainage procedure.

If you suspect a hematoma or experience concerning symptoms, it is essential to seek medical evaluation. A healthcare professional can properly assess the condition and recommend appropriate treatment or intervention, if necessary.

Fluid Build-Up – Seroma

A seroma is a collection of clear or pale yellow fluid that forms in the body as a result of tissue injury or surgery. It occurs when tissue layers separate and create a space or cavity, allowing fluid to accumulate. Seromas are common after surgical procedures, especially those involving the removal of tissues or lymph nodes.

Causes of Seroma

Seromas typically develop due to the disruption of blood and lymphatic vessels during surgery. When these vessels are damaged, fluid from the blood and lymphatic system may leak into the surrounding tissue, resulting in the formation of a seroma. Some common procedures associated with seromas include mastectomy, tummy tuck, and hernia repair.

Symptoms

Seromas may not always cause noticeable symptoms. However, when they become larger or are located near the skin’s surface, they can present with the following signs and symptoms:

• Swelling and a visible lump or bulge under the skin.
• Feeling of fullness or discomfort in the affected area.
• Tenderness or pain around the seroma.
• Palpable fluid movement when pressing on the area.

Treatment

Most seromas are harmless and may resolve on their own over time as the body gradually reabsorbs the fluid. However, larger or persistent seromas may require medical attention. Treatment options may include:

• Aspiration: If the seroma is causing discomfort or is large, a healthcare professional may use a needle and syringe to drain the fluid from the cavity. The procedure, known as aspiration, helps relieve pressure and promotes healing.
• Compression: Wearing compression garments or bandages can help reduce swelling and encourage the body to reabsorb the fluid.
• Steroid Injections: In some cases, a healthcare professional may administer corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation and facilitate seroma resolution.
• Surgical Drainage: If the seroma persists despite conservative measures, surgical drainage may be necessary. During this procedure, the surgeon places a small drain to allow continuous drainage of the fluid until the seroma resolves.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of seroma formation after surgery, surgeons may use techniques such as gentle handling of tissues, appropriate placement of drains, and the use of compression garments. Following post-operative care instructions and avoiding strenuous activities can also help prevent seroma formation.

Seeking medical attention allows a healthcare professional to properly assess the seroma and recommend appropriate management to support healing and recovery.

Allergic Reaction

If you have an allergic reaction during surgery, it may require the surgery to be halted and a different treatment approach may need to be taken. It is important to inform your surgeon of any allergies you may have before the surgery.

Infection

Infection is a potential complication that can occur after surgery, including plastic surgery procedures. It happens when harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, enter the body at the surgical site and multiply, causing an immune response. Infections can range from mild to severe and, if left untreated, can lead to serious complications.

Causes of Infection

Infections can arise due to various factors related to surgery, such as:

• Contamination during surgery: If the surgical instruments, implants, or the surgical environment are not properly sterilized, it can introduce infectious agents into the body.
• Poor wound care: Failing to keep the surgical incisions clean and dry or not following post-operative wound care instructions can increase the risk of infection.
• Weakened immune system: Patients with compromised immune systems, due to conditions like diabetes, autoimmune diseases, or certain medications, are more susceptible to infections.

Signs and Symptoms

The signs of an infection may appear within a few days to several weeks after surgery. Common symptoms include:

• Redness: The area around the surgical site may become red, swollen, and warm to the touch.
• Pain: The surgical area may be more painful than expected, and the pain might increase over time.
• Fever: A fever is a common indicator of an infection, especially if it is accompanied by chills and sweats.
• Drainage or pus: If there is any unusual drainage or the wound produces pus, it may be a sign of infection.
• Foul odor: An unpleasant smell emanating from the surgical wound could indicate an infection.

Treatment

Prompt and appropriate treatment is crucial to prevent the infection from worsening and causing more significant complications. Treatment options may include:

• Antibiotics: If the infection is mild, oral antibiotics may be prescribed to fight the infection. For more severe cases, intravenous (IV) antibiotics may be necessary.
• Wound Care: Proper wound care, including cleaning the wound and keeping it dry, is essential to promote healing and prevent further infection.
• Drainage: If there is a collection of pus or fluid, drainage may be required to remove the infected material and promote healing.
• Surgical Debridement: In some cases, a surgical procedure may be necessary to remove infected tissue or foreign materials.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of infection after surgery, certain preventive measures can be taken:

• Maintain proper hygiene: Wash your hands regularly, especially before touching the surgical wound.
• Follow wound care instructions: Adhere to the post-operative wound care instructions provided by your surgeon.
• Complete prescribed medications: Take antibiotics as prescribed by your healthcare professional.
• Avoid touching the wound: Minimize contact with the surgical site to prevent contamination.
• Keep follow-up appointments: Attend all follow-up appointments with your surgeon to monitor the healing progress and detect any signs of infection early.

If you suspect you may have an infection after surgery, it is crucial to contact your healthcare provider immediately for evaluation and appropriate treatment. Early detection and intervention can prevent complications and support a smooth recovery.

Wound Breakdown / Delayed Wound Healing

Wound breakdown or delayed wound healing is a complication that can occur after surgery, including plastic surgery procedures. It refers to the impaired or slowed healing of the surgical incision, leading to delayed closure and potential reopening of the wound.

Causes of Wound Breakdown / Delayed Wound Healing

Several factors can contribute to wound breakdown or delayed healing, such as:

• Infection
• Poor Blood Supply
• Tension on the Incision
• Underlying Health Conditions
  • Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, immune disorders, or circulation problems, can interfere with wound healing.
• Smoking
  • Smoking reduces blood flow and oxygen levels, significantly affecting wound healing.
• Medications
  • Certain medications, such as steroids or immunosuppressants, can interfere with the body’s ability to heal.
• Malnutrition
  • A lack of essential nutrients can slow down wound healing.

Signs of Wound Breakdown / Delayed Wound Healing

The signs and symptoms of wound breakdown or delayed healing may vary depending on the severity and cause of the complication. Common signs include:

• Persistent Redness
• Pus or Discharge
• Opening of the Incision
• Increased Pain
• Delayed Granulation
  • The formation of new tissue (granulation) within the wound may be delayed.
• Foul Odor

Treatment

The treatment for wound breakdown or delayed healing depends on the severity and underlying cause. It may include:

• Wound Care
• Antibiotics
• Topical Treatments
• Surgical Intervention (such as wound debridement or closure)

Prevention

To reduce the risk of wound breakdown or delayed healing, patients can take certain preventive measures:

• Follow Wound Care Instructions
• Attend Follow-Up Appointments
• Manage Underlying Health Condition
• Avoid Smoking
• Maintain a Healthy Diet
• Avoid Excessive Strain

If you suspect any signs of wound breakdown or delayed healing after surgery, it is crucial to promptly inform your healthcare provider. Early detection and appropriate management can lead to successful wound healing and a smoother recovery.

Scarring – Keloid Scars

Scars are a normal part of the healing process after surgery. The appearance of scars can vary from patient to patient and depend on the type of surgery. In general, scars will fade over time, but they may remain visible if they are particularly large or noticeable.

Keloid scars are an abnormal response to skin injuries or surgeries, where the body overproduces collagen during the healing process. This excess collagen leads to raised, thickened, and often larger-than-usual scars known as keloids. Keloids can be itchy, tender, and visually noticeable. They can form on any part of the body and may continue to grow over time. Treatment options include corticosteroid injections, silicone gel sheets, laser therapy, and surgical removal, but keloids may recur after treatment.

Deep Vein Thrombosis – DVT

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a condition characterized by the formation of blood clots (thrombi) in the deep veins, typically in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow and may cause pain, swelling, and redness in the affected leg. If a blood clot dislodges and travels through the bloodstream, it can lead to a serious complication called a pulmonary embolism, where the clot blocks blood flow to the lungs.

DVT can occur after surgery, especially in individuals who have limited mobility during the recovery period. Other risk factors include a history of DVT, family history of blood clotting disorders, obesity, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions that affect blood clotting.

Preventive measures such as early ambulation after surgery, wearing compression stockings, and taking blood thinning medications as prescribed by the surgeon can help reduce the risk of DVT. If symptoms of DVT are suspected, immediate medical attention is crucial to prevent complications.

Symptoms

The symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) may vary depending on the severity and location of the blood clot. Common signs and symptoms include:

• Swelling: The affected leg may become swollen, often accompanied by a feeling of heaviness or tightness.
• Pain or tenderness: Pain or tenderness may occur in the affected leg, often in the calf or thigh area. The pain might feel like cramping or soreness.
• Redness and warmth: The skin over the clot may appear red or feel warm to the touch.
• Discoloration: The skin on the affected leg may turn bluish or have a reddish tint.
• Enlarged veins: The veins near the skin surface might become more visible and prominent.

It’s important to note that not all individuals with DVT will experience noticeable symptoms, especially in cases of small or non-obstructive clots. However, if you notice any of these symptoms or have concerns about DVT, seek medical attention promptly, as early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious complications like pulmonary embolism.

Heart Attack

A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, is a rare but serious risk either during or after surgery. The risk of having a heart attack increases with age and if the patient has pre-existing cardiac health issues. If the surgeon has concerns about the patient’s risk of experiencing a heart attack, they may arrange for additional tests and refer the patient to a cardiac specialist for further evaluation.

7 Things you can do to minimize your risks and complications during surgery

1. Read all your surgical documents carefully and follow the instructions of Dr Snell exactly, including resting and allowing plenty of time to heal.
2. Wear your compression garments as your surgeon instructs.
3. To reduce the risk of infection, avoid removing your own bandages or touching the incision site until it has fully healed.
4. Do not smoke at any time during the surgical process, especially before and after surgery.
5. Be honest and upfront about all medications, supplements, and vitamins you are currently taking. Inform both Dr Snell and your anesthetist before surgery.
6. Provide specific details about any past difficulties you have had with; surgery, anesthesia, hospital visits, or healing when giving your medical history
7. Thoroughly washing your body before surgery can also help reduce the risk of infection.

Successful surgical outcomes also depend on;

• Realistic surgical goals
• Realistic patient expectations
• A good understanding of potential risks and complications
• Following your surgeons directions exactly

There are other individual risks for specific Breast Surgery, Face and Nose Surgery. Dr Snell will cover these during your consultation.

Risks of Breast Surgery

The risks and complications of breast surgery may include but are not limited to;

• Bleeding
  • Bleeding can occur during or after the surgery, and may require a return to the operating room for further treatment.
• Infection
  • There is a small risk of infection following breast surgery.
  • This risk can be minimized by following proper post-operative care instructions.
• Scarring
  • All surgery results in scarring.
  • The appearance of the scar can vary from person to person.
• Numbness
  • It is common to experience temporary numbness in the breast area following surgery.
  • In some cases, this numbness may be permanent.
• Changes in sensation
  • Some patients may experience changes in sensation in the breast and nipple area following surgery.
• Asymmetry
  • Breasts (much like eyebrows) are sisters not twins. In other words, most are slightly asymmetrical, but in some cases, breast surgery may result in further asymmetry.
• Revision
  • Some patients may need to undergo revision surgery to address complications or further improve the results.

Specific Implant Risks and Complications

In cases using breast implants, there is a risk of complications such as;

• Capsular contracture: Scar tissue may form around the implant, causing the breast to feel firm, tight, and potentially misshapen.
• Implant rupture or leakage: Saline-filled implants can deflate if they rupture, while silicone-filled implants may leak and require removal or replacement.
• Hematoma: Blood accumulation around the implant, resulting in swelling, bruising, and potential need for drainage.
• Seroma: A build-up of fluid around the implant, causing swelling and discomfort.
• Implant displacement or malposition: The implant may shift from its intended position, resulting in asymmetry or an unnatural appearance.
• Rippling or wrinkling: This can occur, particularly in patients with thin breast tissue or certain implant types.
• Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL): A rare type of lymphoma that has been associated with textured breast implants.

Specific Risks of Nose Surgery

The risks and complications of nose surgery may include but are not limited to:

• Infection: Infections can occur at the incision site or within the nasal tissues, requiring antibiotics and potential implant removal.
• Nasal blockage or congestion: Temporary swelling and nasal congestion are common after surgery but can be more persistent in some cases.
• Nasal asymmetry: There is a possibility of asymmetry or unevenness in the final appearance of the nose.
• Breathing difficulties: Some patients may experience breathing difficulties after the surgery, particularly if the nasal passages are affected.
• Cartilage or graft displacement: In some cases, cartilage or grafts used during the surgery may shift, requiring further correction.
• Skin problems: Skin issues such as pigmentation changes or uneven texture may occur.
• Perforation of the nasal septum: Rarely, the nasal septum can develop a hole or perforation.
• Unsatisfactory cosmetic result: There is a possibility that the patient may not be completely satisfied with the cosmetic outcome.
• Revision surgery: In some cases, additional surgery may be required to achieve the desired result.
• Changes in skin sensation: The skin around the nose may feel numb or have a different sensation for a period of time after surgery.
• Persistent pain: In rare cases, patients may experience persistent pain after the surgery.

Specific Risks of Face Surgery

Facial surgery, which includes various procedures like facelift, eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty), brow lift, and neck lift, carries specific risks and potential complications. Some of the common risks associated with facial surgery are as follows:

• Nerve damage: Facial surgery may involve manipulation of facial nerves, which can result in temporary or, in rare cases, permanent nerve damage leading to altered sensation or muscle weakness.
• Asymmetry: There is a possibility of slight facial asymmetry after surgery, which may need correction.
• Skin problems: Changes in skin texture, pigmentation, or reaction to sutures or adhesives can occur.
• Hairline or hair loss changes: Depending on the procedure, there may be temporary or permanent changes in hair growth or hairline.
• Dry eyes: Eyelid surgery can lead to temporary or persistent dry eyes in some patients.

It is essential for patients considering facial surgery to have a thorough consultation with a qualified plastic surgeon. During this consultation, the surgeon will discuss the potential risks and complications, as well as realistic expectations for the outcome of the surgery. Regular follow-up visits with the surgeon are crucial to monitor healing and address any concerns promptly.

*Every patient’s treatment plan is unique and will depend on their individual needs and goals. It is important for patients to have a thorough consultation with a qualified and experienced plastic surgeon to discuss their options and develop a treatment plan that is right for them. It is also important for patients to follow all pre-and post-operative instructions provided by their surgeon to ensure the best possible outcome.

Disclaimer
Please note that any content provided on our website is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be considered a replacement for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult with your physician or qualified healthcare provider for any medical concerns or questions you may have. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay seeking it based on information from this website. The author and publisher do not guarantee the accuracy, applicability, or completeness of the information presented herein. All actions taken based on the information in this article are at your own risk.